Method and system for packaging mems devices with incorporated getter

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for packaging MEMS devices such as interferometric modulator arrays are disclosed. One embodiment of a MEMS device package structure includes a seal with a chemically reactant getter. Another embodiment of a MEMS device package comprises a primary seal with a getter, and a secondary seal proximate an outer periphery of the primary seal. Yet another embodiment of a MEMS device package comprises a getter positioned inside the MEMS device package and proximate an inner periphery of the package seal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/415,986, filed Mar. 31, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/102,554, filed on Apr. 8, 2005, now abandoned, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/613,476, entitled “METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PACKAGING INTERFEROMETRIC MODULATORS WITH HERMETIC BARRIER” and filed on Sep. 27, 2004. The disclosure of each of the above-described applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and more particularly, to methods and systems for packaging MEMS devices.

2. Description of the Related Technology

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. An interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. One plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate, the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.

SUMMARY

The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments” one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices.

One aspect of an electromechanical system device package includes a substrate, an electromechanical device formed on the substrate, a backplane, and a seal positioned proximate to a perimeter of the electromechanical device. In some embodiments the seal is in contact with the substrate and the backplane. In some embodiments the seal comprises glass.

In another aspect a method of sealing an electromechanical system device package includes forming a seal between a substrate and a backplane, wherein the substrate comprises an electromechanical device formed thereon and the seal is formed proximate to a perimeter of the electromechanical device, and wherein the seal comprises glass; and attaching the substrate, the seal, and the backplane, thereby encapsulating the electromechanical device.

In another aspect a system for sealing an electromechanical system device package includes a substrate, an electromechanical device formed on the substrate, a backplane and seal means positioned proximate to a perimeter of the electromechanical device. In some embodiments the seal means is in contact with the substrate and the backplane. In some embodiments the seal means includes glass.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a released position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position.

FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3×3 interferometric modulator display.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display data to the 3×3 interferometric modulator display of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of the device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.

FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a basic package structure for an interferometric modulator device.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator package structure with a primary seal and a secondary seal.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator package structure with a getter material positioned inside the package structure proximate the seal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A plurality of embodiments of MEMS device package structures including improved sealant structures are described below. In one embodiment, the MEMS device is packaged between a backplate and a substrate which are held together by a primary seal. In one embodiment, the primary seal includes a chemically reactant getter. As is known in the art, a getter is a substance that captures or binds another substance by absorption, adsorption, or chemical reaction for example. A chemically reactant getter is a getter configured to chemically react with a gettered substance as opposed to absorbing or adsorbing a gettered substance. In other embodiments, the package structure includes a secondary seal disposed along an outer periphery of the primary seal. In one embodiment, the secondary seal includes a hydrophobic material, for example. In yet another embodiment, the package structure comprises a getter positioned proximate an inner periphery of the seal and is configured to getter water vapor or contaminants attempting to enter the interior of the package structure. In the described embodiments, no further getter or desiccant may be necessary to meet the desired lifetime attributes of the packaged device, thereby allowing for reduced package dimensions and cost.

The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the invention may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the invention may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.

One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in FIG. 1. In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state. In the bright (“on” or “open”) state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the dark (“off” or “closed”) state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light reflectance properties of the “on” and “off” states may be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white.

FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical cavity with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the released state, the movable layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, the movable layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.

The depicted portion of the pixel array in FIG. 1 includes two adjacent interferometric modulators 12 a and 12 b. In the interferometric modulator 12 a on the left, a movable and highly reflective layer 14 a is illustrated in a released position at a predetermined distance from a fixed partially reflective layer 16 a. In the interferometric modulator 12 b on the right, the movable highly reflective layer 14 b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to the fixed partially reflective layer 16 b.

The fixed layers 16 a, 16 b are electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more layers each of chromium and indium-tin-oxide onto a transparent substrate 20. The layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the deformable metal layers are separated from the fixed metal layers by a defined air gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the deformable layers, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.

With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the layers 14 a, 16 a and the deformable layer is in a mechanically relaxed state as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in FIG. 1. However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movable layer is deformed and is forced against the fixed layer (a dielectric material which is not illustrated in this Figure may be deposited on the fixed layer to prevent shorting and control the separation distance) as illustrated by the pixel 12 b on the right in FIG. 1. The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies.

FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application. FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device includes a processor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium®, Pentium II®, Pentium III®, Pentium IV®, Pentium® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS®, a Power PC®, an ALPHA®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional in the art, the processor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules. In addition to executing an operating system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application.

In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array controller 22. In one embodiment, the array controller 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a pixel array 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1-1 in FIG. 2. For MEMS interferometric modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated in FIG. 3. It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from the released state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the movable layer does not release completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts. There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated in FIG. 3, where there exists a window of applied voltage within which the device is stable in either the released or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the “hysteresis window” or “stability window.” For a display array having the hysteresis characteristics of FIG. 3, the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be released are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the “stability window” of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated in FIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or released pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the interferometric modulator, whether in the actuated or released state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed.

In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.

FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3×3 array of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves of FIG. 3. In the FIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to −V_(bias), and the appropriate row to +ΔV, which may correspond to −5 volts and +5 volts respectively Releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to +V_(bias), and the appropriate row to the same +ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +V_(bias), or −V_(bias). As is also illustrated in FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +V_(bias), and the appropriate row to −ΔV. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to −V_(bias), and the appropriate row to the same −ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel.

FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3×3 array of FIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5A, where actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame illustrated in FIG. 5A, the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or released states.

In the FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a “line time” for row 1, columns 1 and 2 are set to −5 volts, and column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window. Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and releases the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To set row 2 as desired, column 2 is set to −5 volts, and columns 1 and 3 are set to +5 volts. The same strobe applied to row 2 will then actuate pixel (2,2) and release pixels (2,1) and (2,3). Again, no other pixels of the array are affected. Row 3 is similarly set by setting columns 2 and 3 to −5 volts, and column 1 to +5 volts. The row 3 strobe sets the row 3 pixels as shown in FIG. 5A. After writing the frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or −5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement of FIG. 5A. It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence, and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage method can be used with the present invention.

The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example, FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate three different embodiments of the moving mirror structure. FIG. 6A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1, where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. In FIG. 6B, the moveable reflective material 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32. In FIG. 6C, the moveable reflective material 14 is suspended from a deformable layer 34. This embodiment has benefits because the structural design and materials used for the reflective material 14 can be optimized with respect to the optical properties, and the structural design and materials used for the deformable layer 34 can be optimized with respect to desired mechanical properties. The production of various types of interferometric devices is described in a variety of published documents, including, for example, U.S. Published Application 2004/0051929. A wide variety of well known techniques may be used to produce the above described structures involving a series of material deposition, patterning, and etching steps.

The moving parts of a MEMS device, such as an interferometric modulator array, preferably have a protected space in which to move. Packaging techniques for a MEMS device will be described in more detail below. A schematic of a basic package structure for a MEMS device, such as an interferometric modulator array, is illustrated in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, a basic package structure 70 includes a substrate 72 and a backplane cover or “cap” 74, wherein an interferometric modulator array 76 is formed on the substrate 72. This cap 74 is also called a “backplane”.

The substrate 72 and the backplane 74 are joined by a seal 78 to form the package structure 70, such that the interferometric modulator array 76 is encapsulated by the substrate 72, backplane 74, and the seal 78. This forms a cavity 79 between the backplane 74 and the substrate 72. The seal 78 may be a non-hermetic seal, such as a conventional epoxy-based adhesive. In other embodiments, the seal 78 may be a polyisobutylene (sometimes called butyl rubber, and other times PIB), o-rings, polyurethane, thin film metal weld, liquid spin-on glass, solder, polymers, or plastics, among other types of seals that may have a range of permeability of water vapor of about 0.2-4.7 g mm/m2 kPa day. In still other embodiments, the seal 78 may be a hermetic seal and may comprise, for example, metals, welds, and glass frits. Methods of hermetic sealing comprise, for example, metal or solder thin film or preforms, laser or resistive welding techniques, and anodic bonding techniques, wherein the resulting package structure may or may not require a desiccant to achieve the desired internal package requirements.

The seal 78 may be implemented as a closed seal or an open seal, and may be applied or formed on the substrate 72, backplane 74, or both the substrate and backplane 74 in a method of packaging the interferometric modulator array 76. The seal 78 may be applied through simple in-line manufacturing processes and may have advantages for lower temperature processes, whereas the techniques of welding and soldering may require very high temperature processes that can damage the package structure 20, are relatively expensive. In some cases, localized heating methods can be used to reduce the process temperatures and yield a viable process solution.

In some embodiments, the package structure 70 includes a getter such as a desiccant 80 configured to reduce moisture within the cavity 79. The skilled artisan will appreciate that a desiccant may not be necessary for a hermetically sealed package, but may be desirable to control moisture resident within the package. In one embodiment, the desiccant 80 is positioned between the interferometric modulator array 76 and the backplane 74. Desiccants may be used for packages that have either hermetic or non-hermetic seals. In packages having a hermetic seal, desiccants are typically used to control moisture resident within the interior of the package. In packages having a non-hermetic seal, a desiccant may be used to control moisture moving into the package from the environment. Generally, any substance that can trap moisture while not interfering with the optical properties of the interferometric modulator array may be used as the desiccant 80. Suitable getter and desiccant materials include, but are not limited to, zeolites, molecular sieves, surface adsorbents, bulk adsorbents, and chemical reactants.

The desiccant 80 may be in different forms, shapes, and sizes. In addition to being in solid form, the desiccant 80 may alternatively be in powder form. These powders may be inserted directly into the package or they may be mixed with an adhesive for application. In an alternative embodiment, the desiccant 80 may be formed into different shapes, such as cylinders, rings, or sheets, before being applied inside the package.

The skilled artisan will understand that the desiccant 80 can be applied in different ways. In one embodiment, the desiccant 80 is deposited as part of the interferometric modulator array 76. In another embodiment, the desiccant 80 is applied inside the package 70 as a spray or a dip coat.

The substrate 72 may be a semi-transparent or transparent substance capable of having thin film, MEMS devices built upon it. Such transparent substances include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, and transparent polymers. The interferometric modulator array 76 may comprise membrane modulators or modulators of the separable type. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the backplane 74 may be formed of any suitable material, such as glass, metal, foil, polymer, plastic, ceramic, or semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon).

The packaging process may be accomplished in a vacuum, pressure between a vacuum up to and including ambient pressure, normal atmospheric pressure conditions, or pressure higher than ambient pressure. The packaging process may also be accomplished in an environment of varied and controlled high or low pressure during the sealing process. There may be advantages to packaging the interferometric modulator array 76 in a completely dry environment, but it is not necessary. Similarly, the packaging environment may be of an inert gas at ambient conditions. Packaging at ambient conditions allows for a lower cost process and more potential for versatility in equipment choice because the device may be transported through ambient conditions without affecting the operation of the device.

Generally, it is desirable to minimize the permeation of water vapor into the package structure 70, and thus control the environment in the cavity 79 of the package structure 70 and hermetically seal it to ensure that the environment remains constant. When the humidity or water vapor level within the package exceeds a level beyond which surface tension from the water vapor becomes higher than the restoration force of a movable element (not shown) in the interferometric modulator array 76, the movable element may become permanently adhered to the surface. There is thus a need to reduce the moisture level within the package.

In embodiments of the package structure 70 where the seal 78 includes an adhesive, the adhesive component alone may not act as a suitable environmental barrier because it eventually allows water vapor and/or contaminates to permeate into the cavity 79 of the package structure 70. Accordingly, certain embodiments of a package structure 70 include a getter inside the package structure 70 or incorporated into the seal 78. The getter may be configured to getter contaminant gases that are outgassed from the interferometric modulator array 76 or packaging components after the package structure 70 is assembled, such as substances outgassed or evaporated from an adhesive in the seal 78 into the cavity 79 while the adhesive is curing. The getter may be a chemically reactant getter configured to chemically react with specific substances, or the getter may be configured to physical transform in the presence of a specific substance, such as water. For example, the getter may comprise a desiccant such as zeolites, configured to physically transform in contact with water or water vapor. In other embodiments the getter is positioned inside the package structure 70 proximate an inner perimeter of the seal 78 so as to getter water vapor or contaminants inside the package structure 70 as they are released from components inside the cavity 79, or substances that have permeated through the seal 78. In yet another embodiment, the package structure 70 includes a secondary seal applied to the outside of the seal 78, wherein the secondary seal comprises a hydrophobic material configured to keep water vapor out of the package structure 70, or reduce the rate of permeation of water vapor into the package structure 70.

In one embodiment of a package structure 70, the seal 78 comprises a chemically reactant getter configured to getter substances attempting to permeate the seal 78 and enter the package structure 70, and/or substances within the package structure 78 that were present at the time of manufacture or assembly, or released during or subsequent to manufacture or assembly. The chemically reactant getter may include, for example, calcium oxide, strontium (Sr), strontium oxide, and aluminum complexes. In certain embodiments, the seal 78 comprises a mixture of the chemically reactant getter and an adhesive. In some embodiments, the seal 78 includes a sufficient amount of getter to getter or capture substantially all of the substances outgassed or released from the sealant components during manufacture or assembly, such as substances outgassed from an adhesive material while curing. The amount of getter included in the seal may be limited to such amount so as not to adversely effect the permeability of the seal, yet still capture the substances released from the sealant components during manufacture or assembly of the package structure 70.

Another embodiment of a package structure 800, as illustrated in cross-section in FIG. 8, includes a primary seal 802 positioned in contact with the substrate 72 and the backplane 74, and a secondary seal 804 positioned proximate an outer periphery 805 of the primary seal 802. The secondary seal 804 may be in contact with the primary seal 802 as illustrated in FIG. 8, or there may be a gap between the secondary seal 804 and the primary seal 802. In some embodiments, the secondary seal 804 is in contact with the primary seal 802, the substrate 76, and the backplane 74. The cross-sectional geometry of the secondary seal 804 may be dependent upon the material of the seal 804, and may further be dependent on the method of formation or application of the seal 804 and is not limited to that illustrated in FIG. 8.

In certain embodiments, the secondary seal 804 comprises a low permeation rate adhesive or a hydrophobic material, such as PTFE or related compounds. In some embodiments, the secondary seal 804 comprises polyisobutylene (sometimes called butyl rubber, and other times PIB), o-rings, polyurethane, thin film metal weld, liquid spin-on glass, solder, polymers, or plastics, or combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the secondary seal 804 comprises a low-cost sealant material regardless of permeation attributes and is configured to act in concert with the primary seal 802 to reduce the permeation rate of water vapor or other contaminants into the cavity 79 of the package structure 800. Embodiments of a method of applying or forming the secondary seal 804 may comprise, for example, dispensing or printing a bead of sealant material, spray-on, placement of preform, printing, or other methods known to those skilled in the art.

In embodiments where the primary seal 802 comprises a getter such as a desiccant, the permeation rate of water vapor through the primary seal 802 may increase rapidly as the desiccant approaches or reaches its maximum capacity to absorb or react with water molecules. The secondary seal 804 advantageously reduces this water vapor permeation rate, thereby extending the life of the interferometric modulator array 76 within the package structure 800. Although the package structure 800 is illustrated in FIG. 8 as including the desiccant 80 on the backplane 74, embodiments of the package structure 800 may be manufactured or assembled without the desiccant 80, or wherein the desiccant is place in another position within the package structure.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a package structure 900 including a getter 902 positioned proximate an inner periphery 903 of the seal 78. The getter may comprise zeolites, molecular sieves, surface adsorbents, bulk adsorbents, and chemically reactant substances, or a combination thereof, for example. In one embodiment, the getter 902 comprises a mixture of a getter material and an adhesive. The getter 902 is preferably configured to getter substances such as water vapor and contaminants that have permeated the seal 78 from the environment, substances outgassed or released from the seal 78 during manufacture or assembly, and substances within the cavity 79 of the package structure 900. The getter 902 may be in contact with the seal 78 or there may be a gap between the getter 902 and the seal 78. For example, in embodiments wherein the getter 902 increases in size when saturated with an absorbed substance, there is preferably a gap between the getter 902 and the seal 78.

The getter 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9 has a substantially rectangular cross-section and is in contact with the substrate 72 and the seal 78. However, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the cross-sectional geometry of the getter 902 may be different than that illustrated in FIG. 9 and may, in certain embodiments, depend upon the method of formation or application of the getter 902. In one embodiment, the getter 902 is formed using thin film technology. In addition, the getter 902 may be in contact with the backplane 74 in addition to the substrate 72 or instead of the substrate 72.

In embodiments of the package structure 900 wherein the seal 78 comprises a metal seal, for example, contaminant substances may be outgassed or released due to a chemical reaction during formation of the seal. For example, where the seal 78 comprises a solder, an oxide may be released during application or formation of the seal, or assembly of the package structure 900. Accordingly, the getter 902 is preferably configured to getter the substances outgassed or released from the seal during application or formation of the seal, or assembly of the package structure 900.

In certain embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 9, the package structure 900 does not include the desiccant 80 which is included in other package structures, such as the package structure 70 of FIG. 7. However, the package structure 900 may include the desiccant 80 and is not limited to the configuration or components illustrated in FIG. 9.

In one embodiment, the getter may include calcium oxide, or aluminosilicate-structured minerals such as sodium aluminosilicate. In another embodiment, the getter may include microporous silicate-structured minerals. It will be appreciated that active components other than zeolites that can act as absorbing filters on the molecular level can also be implemented as the getter. The adhesives discussed above may include an adhesive with low outgassing numbers, or an adhesive with various outgassing numbers.

The skilled artisan will understand that the amount of material for the seal 78 or the amount of getter or hydrophobic material may depend on the estimated amount of moisture or contaminant gases that will need to be removed from the package structure during its desired operational lifetime. The amount of material for the seal 78, or amount of getter or hydrophobic material, either incorporated into the seal 78 or inside or outside the cavity 79 of the package structure 70 also depends not only on the amount of moisture or contaminant gases inside the package structure 20 when the package is formed, but also the permeation rate of the seal 78 and the outgassing potential of the package components.

In certain embodiments, the seal 78 is preferably formed to a thickness in a range of about 100-300 Å (using thin films, for example), about 10-30 μm, or about 50 μm. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the thickness of the seal 78 and the amount of getter incorporated into the seal 78 or the cavity 79 of the package structure 70, or the secondary seal proximate the outer periphery of the seal 78, will depend on various factors, such as the desired lifetime of the packaged device, the material components of the seal 78, the amount of contaminants and moisture that are estimated to permeate into the package structure 70 during the lifetime, the anticipated humidity level of the ambient environment for the package structure 70, and whether an additional getter or desiccant 80 is included within the package structure 70.

As discussed above, the package structures may or may not include the desiccant 80 described in connection with FIG. 7. For example, where the seal 78 includes a getter, where a secondary seal is formed at the outer periphery of the seal 78, or where a getter is positioned proximate an inner periphery of the seal 78, no additional desiccant within the package structure may be necessary to meet the desired lifetime attributes of the packaged device. In embodiments where the package structure does not have to accommodate the desiccant 80, the package dimensions and cost can be reduced accordingly.

In some embodiments, the getter comprises zeolites. Zeolites may absorb water molecules at relatively high temperatures. Zeolites can trap moisture and contaminant gases in their pores. The skilled artisan will understand that zeolites having different pore sizes can be selected for the seal 78 material to absorb different contaminants. In some embodiments, the getter includes zeolites that are selected to absorb contaminant molecules, such as aromatic branched-chain hydrocarbons that have critical diameters of up to ten angstroms. In another embodiment, zeolites having pore sizes between two and three angstroms may be selected to abort contaminant molecules having diameters of less than two angstroms, such as hydrogen and moisture molecules. In still another embodiment, zeolites having pore sizes of fifty angstroms can be used to absorb nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the seal 78 and getters or hydrophobic materials used inside and outside the package structure may comprise a mixture of zeolites or other tailored or functionalized getter materials having various pore sizes.

The foregoing description details certain embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. As is also stated above, it should be noted that the use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to including any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. The scope of the invention should therefore be construed in accordance with the appended claims and any equivalents thereof. 

1. A method of packaging an electromechanical device, comprising: providing a substrate with an electromechanical device formed thereon; applying a curable adhesive on the substrate circumscribing the electromechanical device; contacting a backplane with the curable adhesive to encapsulate the electromechanical device in a package structure formed by the substrate, the adhesive and the backplane; and curing the adhesive to seal the package.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cured adhesive seal includes a low permeation rate adhesive.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromechanical device includes a microelectromechanical (MEMS) device.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the MEMS device is formed into an array.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the MEMS device includes an interferometric modulator.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a transparent substrate.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the transparent substrate is formed of glass.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising positioning a getter inside the package structure.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising positioning a desiccant inside the package structure.
 10. An electromechanical systems device package, comprising: an electromechanical systems device formed on a substrate; a curable adhesive positioned on the substrate circumscribing the electromechanical systems device; and a backplane contacting the curable adhesive and encapsulating the electromechanical device in a package formed between the substrate, the curable adhesive and the backplane.
 11. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10, wherein the curable adhesive is formed of a low outgassing material.
 12. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10, wherein the substrate, the curable adhesive and the backplane form a hermetic seal.
 13. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10, wherein the substrate includes a transparent substrate.
 14. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 16, wherein the transparent substrate is formed of glass.
 15. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10 further comprising a desiccant disposed inside the package.
 16. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10 further comprising a getter disposed inside the package.
 17. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 10 further comprising a secondary seal in contact with the curable adhesive and formed of a hydrophobic material.
 18. An electromechanical systems device package, comprising: an electromechanical systems device formed on a substrate; a backplane; and a cured adhesive contacting and sealing the backplane to the substrate to form a package, wherein the package encapsulates the electromechanical systems device.
 19. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 18, wherein the electromechanical device includes a microelectromechanical (MEMS) device.
 20. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 19, wherein the MEMS device is formed into an array.
 21. The electromechanical systems device package of claim 19, wherein the MEMS device includes an interferometric modulator. 